This title slide is titled "Review 2: Regulatory Environment of Business" (商业监管环境复习). Its subtitle describes it as part of the "Legal Environment of Business" in a 40-minute tutor session (商业法律环境, 40分钟导师课件).

Review 2: Regulatory Environment of Business

商业监管环境复习

Legal Environment of Business 40-Minute Tutor Session 商业法律环境 40分钟导师课件

Source: Legal Environment of Business – Enhanced Tutor Version

This slide frames regulation as essential risk control, protecting the public and ensuring fair play. It balances government oversight with business freedom while fostering innovation and managing risks.

Big Picture: Regulation as Risk Control / 监管即风险控制 (0–5 min)

• • Protects public, ensures fair play / 保护公众，确保公平
• • Balances govt control vs. business freedom / 平衡政府控制与商业自由
• • Fosters innovation while controlling risks / 促进创新同时控制风险
• • Regulation = Essential risk management / 监管 = 必要风险管理

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business (Enhanced Tutor Version)

The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land (Article VI), preempting conflicting state laws and requiring all regulations to comply. It forms the foundation for judicial review.

U.S. Constitution Overview / 宪法基础

• • Supreme law of the land (Art. VI) / 全国最高法律（第六条）
• • Preempts conflicting state laws / 取代冲突州法
• • All regulations must comply / 所有法规须合宪
• • Foundation for judicial review / 司法审查基础

This section header slide, from Review 2 on the Regulatory Environment of Business, introduces Section 04: "Separation of Powers / 权力分立 (核心概念)". The subtitle illustrates checks and balances, showing interactions among the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches / 三权分立图示：立法、行政、司法相互制衡。

Review 2: Regulatory Environment of Business / 商业监管环境复习

04

Separation of Powers / 权力分立 (核心概念)

Checks and balances illustrated: Legislative, Executive, Judicial branches interact. / 三权分立图示：立法、行政、司法相互制衡。

Source: Legal Environment of Business

The slide explains Congress's role in the Legislative Branch as making laws, such as the Civil Rights Act. It overviews the Heart of Atlanta Motel case, where the Commerce Clause upheld desegregation and affirmed Congress's regulatory power via commerce.

Legislative Branch / 立法部门 (Congress)

• • Role: Makes laws (e.g., Civil Rights Act) / 角色：立法（如民权法）
• • Heart of Atlanta Motel case: Overview / Heart of Atlanta Motel案：概述
• • Upheld desegregation via Commerce Clause / 商业条款支持废除种族隔离
• • Key takeaway: Congress regulates via commerce power / 要点：国会借商业权监管

The Executive Branch, headed by the President and agencies, enforces laws, with the President appointing agency heads who interpret and implement statutes. Courts defer to agencies' reasonable interpretations, as established in Chevron v. NRDC.

Executive Branch / 行政部门 (President & Agencies)

• • Enforces laws via agencies / 通过机构执行法律
• • President appoints agency heads / 总统任命机构负责人
• • Agencies interpret & implement statutes / 机构解释并实施法规
• • Chevron v. NRDC: Courts defer if reasonable / Chevron v. NRDC：法院尊重合理解释

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

This slide, titled "Judicial Branch / 司法部门 (Courts)," features a key quote on the judiciary's role. Chief Justice John Marshall stated in Marbury v. Madison (1803): "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."

Judicial Branch / 司法部门 (Courts)

> It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.

— Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Source: Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The Commerce Clause grants Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and activities affecting it, expanding federal authority while limiting state interference. It is a high-frequency exam point.

Commerce Clause / 商业条款 (高频考点)

• Grants Congress power to regulate interstate commerce / 赋予国会州际商业监管权
• Broad interpretation expands federal regulatory scope / 广义解释扩大联邦监管范围
• Applies to activities affecting interstate trade / 适用于影响州际贸易的活动
• Limits state interference in commerce / 限制州际商业干预
• High-frequency exam point / 高频考点

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

This section header slide introduces Section 09: Administrative Law Overview (20–32 minutes), presented bilingually in English and Chinese. It summarizes that agencies make rules, enforce, and adjudicate them, referencing SEC v. Chenery for the principle of justifying decisions on the record.

Administrative Law Overview / 行政法总览 (20–32 min)

09

Administrative Law Overview / 行政法总览

Agencies make rules, enforce, adjudicate. SEC v. Chenery: justify on record / 机构规则制定、执行、裁决。SEC v. Chenery：基于记录 обоснов

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business (Enhanced Tutor Version)

The federal rulemaking process starts with the agency publishing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in the Federal Register to solicit public comments, which the agency must review and address. The agency then issues the final rule, effective 30 days later, followed by potential judicial review by courts for APA compliance without extra procedures.

Rulemaking Process / 制定规则流程

{ "headers": [ "Step / 步骤", "Owner / 负责人", "Key Action / 关键行动", "Notes / 备注" ], "rows": [ [ "Notice / 通知", "Agency / 机构", "Publish NPRM in Federal Register / 在联邦公报发布拟议规则通知", "Invites public input / 邀请公众意见，通常60天" ], [ "Public Comments / 公众评论", "Public / 公众", "Submit written comments / 提交书面评论", "Agency must review & respond / 机构必须审查并回应" ], [ "Final Rule / 最终规则", "Agency / 机构", "Issue & publish final rule / 颁布并发布最终规则", "Effective 30 days later / 30天后生效" ], [ "Judicial Review / 司法审查", "Courts / 法院", "Review for APA compliance / 审查是否符合APA", "Vermont Yankee: No extra procedures / 佛蒙特扬基：法院不能增加程序" ] ] }

Source: Administrative Procedure Act (APA) / 行政程序法 (APA)

International law sources include treaties (binding state agreements), customs (consistent practices forming law), and general principles (universal legal concepts). This framework applies to global business operations.

International Law Overview / 国际法概述 (32–38 min)

• Sources: treaties, customs, general principles / 来源：条约、习惯、一般原则
• Treaties: binding state agreements / 条约：国家间约束协议
• Customs: consistent practices as law / 习惯：一致实践成法
• General principles: universal legal concepts / 一般原则：共通法律概念
• Applies to global business operations / 适用于全球商业运营

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) prohibits U.S. companies from bribing foreign officials in their global operations, as affirmed in U.S. v. Kay where payments to secure business were ruled violations. It is enforced by the DOJ and SEC.

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) / 海外反贿赂法

• Prohibits bribery of foreign officials / 禁止贿赂外国官员
• Applies to U.S. companies worldwide / 适用于美国公司全球业务
• U.S. v. Kay: Business payments violate FCPA / U.S. v. Kay：获取生意支付违法
• Enforced by DOJ & SEC / DOJ与SEC执行

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

The slide outlines arbitration benefits for international disputes, including faster resolution, lower costs, confidentiality, neutral experts, and enforceability via the New York Convention, preferring it over litigation. It also covers the 1985 Mitsubishi Motors case, where the U.S. Supreme Court upheld enforcement of international arbitration agreements under the FAA, even for antitrust claims, to support global trade.

International Dispute Resolution / 国际争端解决

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

This slide covers exam traps in MCQs: Chevron Deference applies to reasonable agency rules (Ans: A), and the Commerce Clause extends to intrastate activities affecting interstate commerce (Ans: B). Key tips include verifying agency rule reasonableness and confirming interstate commerce effects.

Exam Traps & MCQs / 考试陷阱与选择题

• • Chevron Deference Trap: Applies to reasonable agency rules (Ans: A) / Chevron尊重陷阱：合理规则适用（答：A）
• • Commerce Clause Limit: Covers intrastate if affects interstate (Ans: B) / 商业条款界限：影响州际则涵盖州内（答：B）
• • Exam Tip: Verify agency rule reasonableness / 考点：核实规则合理性
• • Exam Tip: Check interstate commerce effects / 考点：确认州际影响

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business

The slide summarizes the power structure as three branches plus agencies, key global risks involving FCPA and international law, and a call to review core cases, presented bilingually in English and Chinese. It concludes with the subtitle "Great session! / 精彩课程！"

End Summary / 结尾总结

Power Structure: 3 Branches + Agencies Global Risks: FCPA, Intl Law Key Review Key Cases!

权力结构：三权 + 机构 全球风险：FCPA、国际法关键 复习核心案例！

Great session! / 精彩课程！

Source: Review 2 – Regulatory Environment of Business