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Inter-provincial Divergences in Water Distribution: 1. The 1991 Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) - All four provinces accepted the 1991 Accord, allocating Indus waters and leading to the creation of IRSA. It is seen as a historic achievement, comparable to the Indus Waters Treaty. - However, mistrust has grown over its implementation, especially in four key areas. a. Water Distribution Formula - The Accord allocated water based on 114 MAF, but actual distribution is unclear due to reduced availability. - In 2003, a three-tiered formula was agreed, but Sindh insists on adhering to the Accord. - This has caused repeated disputes, particularly between Punjab and Sindh. b. Data and Transparency - Lack of a telemetry system fuels mistrust, making it hard to verify if provinces receive their agreed share. - Without a trusted real-time monitoring system, suspicion remains during water shortfalls. c. Lower Riparian Concerns - Sindh argues it doesn’t consistently receive its full share, particularly during low-flow periods. - Insufficient flows below Kotri cause sea intrusion, delta loss, and damage to mangroves and agriculture. d. Trust Deficit - Punjab argues that river flows have declined, facing shortages but still adhering to the Accord and IRSA rules. - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan raise concerns about infrastructure and delivery of their shares. - This leads to a trust deficit, with provinces viewing shortfalls as unfair. 2. Sindh Concerns over New Canals (GPI) - Sindh expresses concerns about the Green Pakistan Initiative (GPI), especially with water allocation for projects like the Mahfooz Shaheed Canal and the Kachhi Canal. - The province fears that diverting water for these projects will reduce freshwater flow to critical areas, exacerbating seawater intrusion and land degradation in the Indus Delta. - Sindh calls for a balanced approach to water management, ensuring equitable distribution and protecting the environment and agriculture.
Examines inter-provincial tensions over the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord, highlighting disputes on distribution formulas, data transparency, Sindh's riparian concerns, and trust deficits. Also cove
The slide's title, "Inter-provincial Divergences in Water Distribution," highlights disparities in how water is allocated across provinces. Its subtitle focuses on the challenges posed by Pakistan's Indus Water Sharing and the 1991 Accord.
Challenges in Pakistan's Indus Water Sharing and 1991 Accord
The presentation agenda outlines the structure of a discussion on the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord, starting with an introduction to the accord itself. It then covers key implementation issues, Sindh's concerns regarding new canals, and concludes with recommendations.
The 1991 Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) is the title of this section header slide, marking it as Section 1. It highlights a historic agreement accepted by all four provinces that allocates waters from the Indus River.
1
Historic agreement accepted by all four provinces allocating Indus waters
Mistrust in water implementation grows from disputes over unclear distribution formulas, lack of telemetry fueling transparency issues, and Sindh's shortfalls as the lower riparian causing delta and environmental damage. This erodes provincial trust due to perceived unfair shortfalls, worsened by new canals under GPI that heighten fears of further flow reductions to Sindh.
The 1991 Accord allocates Indus waters based on a 114 MAF baseline, but reduced availability has led to implementation uncertainties, prompting a 2003 three-tiered formula to address shortages. Disputes persist between Punjab and Sindh, with Sindh insisting on the original Accord provisions while disagreements over shares continue.
The absence of a reliable telemetry system in water distribution prevents accurate data collection, breeding inter-provincial mistrust and disputes, particularly between Punjab and Sindh, over verifying allocated shares under the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord. Without real-time monitoring tools, water shortfalls spark immediate suspicions, hindering timely flow verification and fueling ongoing conflicts, especially during low-flow periods when Sindh's concerns about insufficient shares heighten.
| Lack of Telemetry System | No Real-time Monitoring |
|---|---|
| The absence of a reliable telemetry system in water distribution hinders accurate data collection, fueling inter-provincial mistrust. Provinces struggle to verify if they receive their allocated shares under the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord, exacerbating disputes between Punjab and Sindh. | Without real-time monitoring tools, water shortfalls trigger immediate suspicion among provinces. This lack of transparency prevents timely verification of flows, leading to ongoing conflicts, especially during low-flow periods when Sindh's concerns about insufficient shares intensify. |
Sindh, as the lower riparian province, experiences incomplete water shares during low-flow periods, leading to insufficient Kotri flows that enable seawater intrusion. This contributes to Indus Delta degradation, land loss, extensive mangrove ecosystem damage, and reduced freshwater availability harming agriculture.
Punjab continues to follow the Accord amid its own water shortages, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan express concerns over infrastructure development and equitable water sharing. This leads provinces to view shortfalls as unfair, further eroding trust among them.
This section header slide, titled "Sindh Concerns over New Canals (GPI)" and numbered as section 2, highlights apprehensions in Sindh province related to the Green Pakistan Initiative. The subtitle specifically addresses fears about projects such as the Mahfooz Shaheed and Kachhi Canals.
2
Fears regarding Green Pakistan Initiative projects like Mahfooz Shaheed and Kachhi Canals.
Water diversion significantly reduces freshwater flows to the Indus Delta ecosystems, exacerbating seawater intrusion in coastal areas and leading to land degradation and soil salinization. This process threatens mangrove forests and biodiversity while severely impacting agriculture and local livelihoods in Sindh.
The slide, titled "Sindh's Call for Balance," features a quote from Jam Saqi, former Minister of Irrigation for the Government of Sindh. In it, he advocates for a balanced water management strategy that promotes equitable distribution while safeguarding the environment, agriculture, and the Indus Delta against seawater intrusion and degradation.
> Sindh calls for a balanced approach to water management, ensuring equitable distribution while protecting the environment, agriculture, and the Indus Delta from seawater intrusion and degradation.
— Jam Saqi, Former Minister of Irrigation, Government of Sindh
The conclusion slide advocates fostering transparency through telemetry and fair implementation to rebuild trust, while promoting balanced water management that protects all provinces and the Indus ecosystem. It calls for commitment to equitable solutions to ensure sustainable harmony in Pakistan's water future.
Foster transparency with telemetry and fair implementation to rebuild trust. Promote balanced water management protecting all provinces and the Indus ecosystem.
Building Trust for Sustainable Harmony Call to Action: Commit to equitable solutions for Pakistan's water future.
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