This title slide introduces the topic of "Embedded Systems & Microcontrollers" in a theory-focused academic presentation tailored for B.Tech students. It includes the presenter's name and the current date as key details.

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Theory-Focused Academic Presentation for B.Tech Students

The presentation agenda outlines the fundamentals of embedded systems, including an introduction to embedded systems and microcontrollers. It covers architecture and platforms like ARM Cortex and IoT with ESP32/Arduino, software and interfacing with RTOS, sensors, actuators, and protocols such as I2C, SPI, UART, and CAN, followed by design, applications, trends, summary, and Q&A.

Presentation Agenda

1. Fundamentals of Embedded Systems

Introduction to embedded systems and microcontrollers overview.

2. Architecture and Platforms

ARM Cortex architecture and IoT with ESP32/Arduino.

3. Software and Interfacing

RTOS, sensors/actuators, and communication protocols like I2C, SPI, UART, CAN.

4. Design, Applications, and Trends

Low-power design, real-world applications, future trends, summary, and Q&A. Source: Embedded Systems & Microcontrollers

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems designed for dedicated tasks, featuring real-time operation and resource constraints that distinguish them from versatile general computing platforms. They find applications in areas such as automotive controls, medical devices, and consumer electronics.

Introduction to Embedded Systems

• Definition: Specialized computing systems for dedicated tasks
• Characteristics: Real-time operation and resource constraints
• Vs. General Computing: Task-specific integration vs. versatile platforms
• Applications: Automotive controls, medical devices, consumer electronics

Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits that combine a CPU, memory, and peripherals into a single chip for embedded applications. The slide highlights processor types such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit, along with popular families like PIC, AVR, and ARM.

Microcontrollers Overview

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• Integrated CPU, memory, and peripherals
• Types: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit processors
• Popular families: PIC, AVR, ARM

Source: Microcontroller

The ARM Cortex-M series, designed for embedded systems, includes variants like the low-cost M0 for basic applications, M3 with enhanced DSP instructions, and M4 featuring a floating-point unit ideal for IoT and control systems. Core features encompass a 3-stage pipeline for efficient execution, NVIC for interrupt handling, Thumb-2 ISA for compact high-performance code, and low-power options like sleep modes and dynamic voltage scaling.

ARM Cortex Architecture

This slide introduces fundamental IoT concepts, including connectivity, sensors, and cloud integration, while highlighting the ESP32's key capabilities like WiFi, Bluetooth, and dual-core processing. It also covers the Arduino platform's open-source nature and expandability with shields, emphasizing the ease of prototyping through quick sensor and network integration.

IoT Concepts with ESP32/Arduino

• IoT Basics: Connectivity, Sensors, and Cloud Integration
• ESP32 Capabilities: WiFi/Bluetooth, Dual-Core Processing
• Arduino Platform: Open-Source, Expandable with Shields
• Prototyping Ease: Quick Sensor and Network Integration

This section header slide introduces Embedded Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) as section 06 of the presentation. It covers the core definition, preemptive scheduling, and practical examples including FreeRTOS and μC/OS.

Embedded Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

06

Embedded Real-Time Operating Systems

Definition, Preemptive Scheduling, Examples: FreeRTOS and μC/OS

This slide explains how sensors interface with a microcontroller using ADC for analog signals and GPIO for digital ones, while actuators like motors and LEDs are controlled via GPIO or PWM outputs. It includes an example wiring diagram featuring a DHT11 temperature sensor connected to a servo motor and microcontroller.

Interfacing Sensors & Actuators

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• Sensors connect to MCU via ADC for analog, GPIO for digital signals.
• Actuators like motors and LEDs controlled using GPIO or PWM outputs.
• Example wiring: DHT11 temperature sensor with servo motor to microcontroller.

Source: DHT11 sensor servo motor wiring

The slide on Communication Protocols divides into synchronous and asynchronous categories. On the left, it describes I2C for multi-device sensor communication using two wires and SPI for faster, high-throughput applications like displays with dedicated lines. On the right, it covers UART for simple point-to-point serial links in debugging and CAN for robust, error-detecting messaging in noisy environments like automotive systems.

Communication Protocols

Low-Power Embedded System Design focuses on strategies to reduce energy use in embedded systems, including implementing sleep modes to cut idle power, applying clock gating to unused peripherals, and utilizing DVFS for dynamic voltage and frequency adjustments. These techniques also emphasize optimizing battery life via efficient resource management and analyzing power graphs to pinpoint consumption hotspots.

Low-Power Embedded System Design

• Implement sleep modes to minimize idle power consumption
• Apply clock gating for unused peripheral modules
• Utilize DVFS to dynamically adjust voltage and frequency
• Optimize battery life through efficient resource management
• Analyze power graphs to identify consumption hotspots

The slide highlights key statistics on the embedded systems market, projecting a global value of $100 billion by 2025 alongside 50 billion IoT connected devices in smart homes and electric vehicles by the same year. It also forecasts an 80% adoption rate for edge AI in embedded systems by 2030 and 70% growth in 5G integration for real-time applications.

Applications & Future Trends

• $100B: Embedded Market Size

Projected global value by 2025

• 50B: IoT Connected Devices

In smart homes and EVs by 2025

• 80%: Edge AI Adoption Rate

In embedded systems by 2030

• 70%: 5G Integration Growth

For real-time applications Source: Statista, Gartner (2023)

The slide summarizes key takeaways on embedded systems, including specialized computing for real-time tasks, microcontrollers like ARM Cortex and ESP32/Arduino for IoT, and protocols such as I2C/SPI/UART with low-power design optimization. It closes with thanks, a call to action to explore hands-on projects using Arduino or ESP32 kits, and a subtitle encouraging immediate engagement in embedded projects.

Summary & Q&A

• Key Takeaways:

• Embedded Systems: Specialized computing for real-time tasks
• Microcontrollers: ARM Cortex, ESP32/Arduino for IoT
• Protocols & Design: I2C/SPI/UART, low-power optimization

Closing: Thank you! Call to Action: Dive into projects with Arduino/ESP32 kits.

Explore hands-on embedded projects today.

Source: Embedded Systems & Microcontrollers Presentation