End-to-End Latency in Modern Wireless Networks: Challenges and Solutions for 5G and Wi-Fi

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Middle East University Faculty of Information Technology The Impact of End-to-End Latency on Modern Wireless Communication: Challenges and Solutions in 5G and Wi-Fi Networks. Prepared by: Osama Aljouhary-202510446 Instructor: Dr. Sadeq Al-Suhemat. Course: Wireless Network. The Challenge The core challenge is End-to-End IP Latency, specifically measured as Round-Trip Time (RTT). Unlike simple signal speed, this represents the total cumulative time for data to travel from a source device, across the entire network infrastructure to the server, and back. In modern wireless communication, achieving "deterministic" responsiveness is now more critical than raw bandwidth. 2. Causes and Effects • Causes: o Multi-Layer Accumulation: Processing delays added by every device (routers, firewalls, switches) across the OSI layers. o Physical Distance (Propagation Delay): Large geographical distances between the user and the cloud server. o Network Congestion & Handovers: Queuing delays during peak traffic and temporary spikes during "roaming" between Access Points. • Effects: o Operational Failure: High latency disrupts real-time feedback loops in industrial robotics (AMRs), leading to safety risks or production halts. o User Experience: Causes "motion sickness" in AR/VR systems if latency exceeds 50 ms and disrupts natural flow in VoIP/video calls. o Economic Impact: Significant financial losses in smart factories due to unsynchronized machinery. 3. Existing Solutions • 5G URLLC: Provides specialized "Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency" channels for mission-critical tasks (1–5 ms radio latency). • Wi-Fi 6/7 (OFDMA & TWT): Enhances determinism by allowing multiple devices to communicate simultaneously and scheduling precise wake/sleep times to reduce queuing. • Cisco URWB: A specialized backhaul technology ensuring "zero-millisecond handoffs" for high-speed moving assets like trains or factory robots. 4. Recommended Solution: Edge-Integrated Hybrid Architecture The proposed solution is to implement a Local Edge Computing model combined with a Multi-Access Wireless Strategy (5G and URWB). • Mechanism: By hosting the application logic at the "Local Edge" (within the enterprise network), the longest part of the data path—the public internet—is eliminated. • Why it Works: It addresses the root cause of physical distance. Bringing the server within 200 km of the device ensures the RTT remains consistently below the 10–20 ms threshold. • Outcome: This transforms the network from a "best-effort" system to a deterministic one, ensuring safety, reliability, and high performance for autonomous and interactive systems.

This presentation analyzes the impact of end-to-end IP latency (RTT) on contemporary wireless communications in 5G and Wi-Fi networks. It covers core challenges, causes like multi-layer delays, propagation distance, and congestion, and their effects on real-time applications such as AR/VR, industrial robotics, and smart factories. Existing solutions including 5G URLLC, Wi-Fi 6/7 OFDMA/TWT, and Cisco URWB are evaluated, with a recommended hybrid architecture leveraging local edge computing and multi-access wireless to achieve deterministic RTT under 10-20 ms for reliable performance.

May 12, 202614 slides
Slide 1 of 14

Slide 1 - The Impact of End-to-End Latency on Modern Wireless Communication: Challenges and Solutions in 5G and Wi-Fi Networks

The Impact of End-to-End Latency on Modern Wireless Communication: Challenges and Solutions in 5G and Wi-Fi Networks

Middle East University Faculty of Information Technology Prepared by: Osama Aljouhary - 202510446 Instructor: Dr. Sadeq Al-Suhemat Course: Wireless Network

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Slide 1 - The Impact of End-to-End Latency on Modern Wireless Communication: Challenges and Solutions in 5G and Wi-Fi Networks
Slide 2 of 14

Slide 2 - Presentation Agenda

  • The Challenge
  • Causes and Effects
  • Existing Solutions
  • Recommended Solution

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Slide 2 - Presentation Agenda
Slide 3 of 14

Slide 3 - The Challenge

1

The Challenge

Core issue: End-to-End IP Latency (RTT) - total time for data round trip across network. Deterministic responsiveness > bandwidth.

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Slide 3 - The Challenge
Slide 4 of 14

Slide 4 - Understanding RTT

  • End-to-End IP Latency = Round-Trip Time (RTT)
  • Total cumulative time: source device → entire network → server → back
  • Unlike signal speed: includes all processing delays
  • Modern wireless: Deterministic responsiveness > raw bandwidth
Slide 4 - Understanding RTT
Slide 5 of 14

Slide 5 - Causes and Effects

2

Causes and Effects

Multi-layer delays, distance, congestion → operational failures, poor UX, economic losses

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Slide 5 - Causes and Effects
Slide 6 of 14

Slide 6 - Causes vs Effects

Causes

  • Multi-Layer Accumulation: Processing delays by routers, firewalls, switches across OSI layers
  • Physical Distance (Propagation Delay): Large geographical distances to cloud server
  • Network Congestion & Handovers: Queuing during peak traffic, spikes in roaming between APs

Effects

  • Operational Failure: Disrupts real-time feedback in industrial robotics (AMRs), safety risks, production halts
  • User Experience: 'Motion sickness' in AR/VR >50ms, disrupts VoIP/video calls
  • Economic Impact: Financial losses in smart factories from unsynchronized machinery
Slide 6 - Causes vs Effects
Slide 7 of 14

Slide 7 - Visualizing Latency Impacts

  • • High latency >50ms causes 'motion sickness' in AR/VR
  • • Disrupts real-time robotics (AMRs)
  • • Economic losses in smart factories

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Slide 7 - Visualizing Latency Impacts
Slide 8 of 14

Slide 8 - Existing Solutions

3

Existing Solutions

5G URLLC, Wi-Fi 6/7 (OFDMA & TWT), Cisco URWB for low-latency channels

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Slide 8 - Existing Solutions
Slide 9 of 14

Slide 9 - Key Technologies

📡 5G URLLC Specialized Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency channels for mission-critical tasks (1–5 ms radio latency)

📶 Wi-Fi 6/7 OFDMA & TWT: Multi-device simultaneous communication, precise wake/sleep scheduling to reduce queuing

🔗 Cisco URWB Backhaul tech for zero-millisecond handoffs in high-speed moving assets (trains, robots)

Slide 9 - Key Technologies
Slide 10 of 14

Slide 10 - Critical Latency Metrics

  • 1-5 ms: 5G URLLC Radio Latency
  • 50 ms: AR/VR Motion Sickness Threshold
  • 10-20 ms: Target RTT with Edge
  • 0 ms: Cisco URWB Handoffs

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Slide 10 - Critical Latency Metrics
Slide 11 of 14

Slide 11 - Recommended Solution

4

Recommended Solution

Local Edge Computing + Multi-Access Wireless (5G & URWB)

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Slide 11 - Recommended Solution
Slide 12 of 14

Slide 12 - Proposed Architecture

  • Local Edge Computing + Multi-Access Wireless (5G & URWB)
  • Mechanism: Host app logic at Local Edge within enterprise network → eliminates public internet path
  • Why it Works: Reduces physical distance (server <200 km) → RTT consistently <10–20 ms
  • Outcome: Best-effort → Deterministic network for safety, reliability, high performance in autonomous systems
Slide 12 - Proposed Architecture
Slide 13 of 14

Slide 13 - Hybrid Architecture

  • • Bypasses public internet
  • • RTT <10-20 ms
  • • Deterministic performance
  • • Supports robotics, AR/VR, factories

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Slide 13 - Hybrid Architecture
Slide 14 of 14

Slide 14 - Key Takeaway

Implement Edge-Integrated Hybrid Architecture (Local Edge + 5G/URWB) Achieve <10-20 ms RTT for deterministic, safe, reliable wireless networks

Transforming challenges into opportunities Thank you! Questions?

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Slide 14 - Key Takeaway

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