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Slide 1 - Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Generated from prompt:
diabetic ketoacidosis
This presentation offers a comprehensive overview of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication primarily of type 1 diabetes. It covers the definition and overview, causes and risk factors, symptoms and signs, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria including glucose >250 mg/dL, pH <7.3, and ketonemia, treatment protocols with fluids, insulin, and electrolytes, complications, prevention strategies, and key takeaways for early recognition and management.
May 12, 202614 slides
Slide 2 of 14
Slide 2 - Presentation Agenda
- Definition and Overview
- Causes and Risk Factors
- Symptoms and Signs
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment Protocol
- Complications and Prevention
- Key Takeaways
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Slide 3 of 14
Slide 3 - What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
- Serious complication primarily of type 1 diabetes
- Occurs when body lacks insulin, producing ketones
- Leads to hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), acidosis (pH <7.3), ketonemia
- Life-threatening if untreated; mortality 1-5% with treatment
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Slide 4 - Causes and Risk Factors
- Absolute or relative insulin deficiency
- Precipitating factors: infection (most common), non-compliance with insulin
- New-onset diabetes, MI, stroke, surgery, trauma
- Pregnancy, SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes
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Slide 5 - Symptoms of DKA
- Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
- Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath
- Altered mental status, coma in severe cases
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Slide 6 - Pathophysiology
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Slide 7 - Pathophysiology of DKA
| Step | Process |
|---|---|
| 1 | Insulin deficiency + counterregulatory hormones |
| 2 | Increased lipolysis → free fatty acids |
| 3 | Hepatic ketogenesis → ketones |
| 4 | Hyperglycemia + osmotic diuresis |
| 5 | Metabolic acidosis + dehydration |
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Slide 8 - Diagnostic Criteria
- >250: Glucose mg/dL
- <7.3: Arterial pH
- >+3: Serum ketones mmol/L
- <18: HCO3 mEq/L
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Slide 9 of 14
Slide 9 - Lab Findings in DKA
| Parameter | Typical Value | Normal Range |
|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose | >250 mg/dL | 70-99 mg/dL |
| pH | <7.3 | 7.35-7.45 |
| Bicarbonate | <18 mEq/L | 22-28 mEq/L |
| Anion gap | >12 | 8-12 |
| Beta-hydroxybutyrate | >3 mmol/L | <0.6 mmol/L |
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Slide 10 - DKA Treatment Protocol
| Priority | Intervention |
|---|---|
| 1. Fluids | 0.9% saline 1-1.5 L first hour |
| 2. Insulin | IV bolus 0.1 U/kg then 0.1 U/kg/hr |
| 3. Electrolytes | Potassium replacement if <5.2 mEq/L |
| 4. Monitor | Hourly glucose, electrolytes, anion gap |
| 5. Transition | SQ insulin when anion gap closes |
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Slide 11 - Complications
- Cerebral edema (esp. children)
- Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia
- ARDS, rhabdomyolysis
- Infection recurrence
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Slide 12 - Prevention Strategies
- Sick day rules: frequent monitoring, extra insulin
- Education on insulin adherence
- Prompt treatment of infections
- Avoid triggers like dehydration
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Slide 13 - Expert Insight
> DKA is largely preventable with proper diabetes education and management.
— American Diabetes Association Guidelines
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Slide 14 of 14
Slide 14 - Key Takeaways
Early recognition and prompt treatment save lives Monitor closely during illness Patient education is crucial
Thank you! Questions?
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