This title slide introduces the topic "Functional Categories of Instructions" from Chapter 3.1.2 of Computer Architecture. It serves as a section header without additional content.

Functional Categories of Instructions

Computer Architecture – Chapter 3.1.2

Source: [Your Name] [Date]

This slide's "Overview" highlights key benefits of the tool or framework, including enabling efficient hardware design and optimization, as well as simplifying compiler and assembler development. It also supports performance analysis, instruction scheduling, and facilitates trade-offs between RISC and CISC architectures.

Overview

• Enables efficient hardware design and optimization
• Simplifies compiler and assembler development
• Supports performance analysis and instruction scheduling
• Facilitates RISC/CISC architecture trade-offs

Source: Instruction categorization is crucial in computer architecture

Data Transfer Instructions aim to move data between registers, memory, and I/O, as seen in examples like MOVE reg1,reg2; LOAD reg,[mem]; and STORE [mem],reg. They are typically used for data movement without computation and play a key role in enabling memory access patterns.

Data Transfer Instructions

• Purpose: Move data between registers, memory, and I/O
• Examples: MOVE reg1,reg2; LOAD reg,[mem]; STORE [mem],reg
• Typical use: Data movement without computation
• Key role: Enables memory access patterns

Source: Functional Categories of Instructions in Computer Architecture – Chapter 3.1.2

Computational instructions involve arithmetic and logical operations executed by the ALU, such as ADD, SUB, AND, and OR on registers. They play a key role in performing calculations, updating flags, and enabling conditional branching and decisions.

Computational Instructions

• Arithmetic/logical operations executed by ALU
• Examples: ADD reg1,reg2; SUB reg1,reg2
• Examples: AND reg1,reg2; OR reg1,reg2
• Key role: Performs calculations, updates flags
• Flags enable conditional branching and decisions

Source: Arithmetic/Logical operations executed by ALU

Control Transfer Instructions manage program flow through branching, looping, and jumps, with examples like unconditional JMP label and conditional JZ label. They also include CALL for subroutines and RET to return, enabling loops, decisions, and function calls.

Control Transfer Instructions

• Manage program flow: branching, looping, jumps
• Examples: JMP label (unconditional), JZ label (conditional zero)
• CALL subroutine for procedures, RET to return
• Enable loops, decisions, function calls

Source: Functional Categories of Instructions in Computer Architecture

The slide explains I/O handling with IN (reads input port to register) and OUT (writes register to output port) instructions for direct hardware communication without buffering. It also covers system operations like privileged mode for OS kernel, interrupts for async events, HLT to halt CPU, and CLI/STI for interrupt control.

Input/Output and System Instructions

Source: Computer Architecture – Chapter 3.1.2

The slide outlines miscellaneous CPU instructions, including NOP for inducing pipeline stalls to enable synchronization and HALT for stopping execution during debugging or shutdown. It also covers architectural variations like string operations and bit manipulation, which support vendor-specific features, performance tuning, synchronization, debugging, and hardware control.

Miscellaneous Instructions

• NOP: No operation, induces pipeline stall for synchronization
• HALT: Stops CPU execution for debugging or shutdown
• Architectural variations: String operations, bit manipulation extensions
• Enable vendor-specific features and performance tuning
• Used for synchronization, debugging, and special hardware control

Source: Special instructions: NOP (pipeline stall); HALT (stops CPU); architectural variations (string ops, bit manipulation)

A balanced instruction set optimizes hardware-software trade-offs, with RISC favoring simple categories and CISC favoring complex ones, while instruction design impacts performance, power, and code density. The future involves vector/SIMD extensions for parallelism, followed by thanks and an invitation for questions.

Summary

<ul> <li>Balanced instruction set optimizes hardware-software trade-offs</li> <li>RISC favors simple categories; CISC complex</li> <li>Instruction design impacts performance, power, code density</li> <li>Future: Vector/SIMD extensions for parallelism</li> </ul>

<strong>Thank you!</strong><br><em>Questions?</em>

Source: Key insights on instruction categories