Emphysema in Pediatrics: Diagnosis and Management

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Create a clean, modern medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Emphysema in Pediatrics" with the following slides: 1. Title Slide: Emphysema in Pediatrics, Presented by Gauri Narkar, Roll No: 92 2. Definition 3. Classification – Based on Etiology 4. Classification – Based on Pathology (Panacinar, Centrilobular, Paraseptal, Irregular) 5. Etiology (Congenital, Acquired, Genetic – Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) 6. Pathophysiology (Flow sequence diagram style) 7. Clinical Features (Infants CLE, Genetic Emphysema) 8. Investigations 9. Management – General & Medical 10. Management – Surgical 11. Complications Use a professional medical theme with subtle blue tones, clean layout, bullet formatting, and section divider slides.

Comprehensive overview of emphysema in pediatric patients, including definition, classification (congenital, acquired, genetic), etiology (CLE, AATD), pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations (CXR, HRCT, PFTs), management (supportive, ATaug

February 22, 202610 slides

Slide 1 of 10

Slide 1 - Emphysema in Pediatrics

Emphysema in Pediatrics

Presented by Gauri Narkar Roll No: 92

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Photo by julien Tromeur on Unsplash

Slide 2 of 10

Slide 2 - Definition

Emphysema: Abnormal, permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles with alveolar wall destruction without fibrosis.
In pediatrics: Primarily congenital forms (e.g., CLE) or genetic (AATD); rare compared to adult smoking-related.
Leads to reduced gas exchange and airflow limitation.

Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema

Slide 3 of 10

Slide 3 - Classification

Based on Etiology

Congenital (e.g., Congenital Lobar Emphysema - CLE)
Acquired (e.g., post-infectious, Swyer-James)
Genetic (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency - AATD)

Based on Pathology

Panacinar (Panlobular): Entire acinus affected, associated with AATD
Centrilobular (Centriacinar): Central lobule, smoking-related
Paraseptal (Distal acinar): Marginal, subpleural
Irregular (Paracicatricial): Distorted by fibrosis

Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema

Slide 4 of 10

Slide 4 - Etiology

Congenital: Abnormal bronchial cartilage development or atresia → check-valve mechanism → lobar overinflation (CLE). Presents in neonates/infancy.
Acquired: Rare in peds; e.g., viral infections leading to bronchiolitis obliterans (Swyer-James).
Genetic: AATD - Mutation in SERPINA1 gene (autosomal codominant). Pi*ZZ genotype severe deficiency. Prevalence 1:2500 Europeans.

Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Emphysema

Slide 5 of 10

Slide 5 - Pathophysiology

Stage	Description
1. A1AT Deficiency	Insufficient alpha-1 antitrypsin due to SERPINA1 mutation
2. Protease Imbalance	Unopposed neutrophil elastase activity
3. Tissue Damage	Elastin degradation in alveolar walls
4. Structural Change	Alveolar enlargement, loss of elasticity → Emphysema
5. Clinical Effect	Reduced gas exchange, airflow obstruction

Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Slide 6 of 10

Slide 6 - Clinical Features

Congenital Lobar Emphysema (CLE) in infants: Progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, decreased breath sounds, hyperresonance, CXR hyperinflation & mediastinal shift.
Genetic Emphysema (AATD): Neonatal jaundice & liver disease; childhood - recurrent respiratory infections, wheezing, dyspnea on exertion.
General: Barrel chest, digital clubbing, cyanosis in advanced cases.

Slide 7 of 10

Slide 7 - Investigations

Chest X-ray: Hyperinflation, bullae, lobar overinflation, mediastinal shift.
HRCT chest: Confirm emphysema type (e.g., panacinar), quantify extent.
Pulmonary function tests: Obstructive pattern, reduced FEV1/FVC, hyperinflation.
Serum A1AT levels (<80 mg/dL suspect), Pi phenotype/genotyping.
Additional: Bronchoscopy, echocardiography for pulmonary HTN.

Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency