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Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies: 1. Water Apportionment Accord 1991 (WAA 1991): The rigid water-sharing formula doesn’t account for climate change, reduced flows, or groundwater. It lacks provisions for regulating excess flood flows or groundwater depletion. Hill-torrent potential (8 MAF) is unaddressed in provincial allocations. 2. National Water Policy 2018 (NWP 2018): The policy suffers from unclear federal-provincial roles, overemphasis on infrastructure, and neglect of water efficiency. There’s no strategy for the Water-Food-Energy Nexus or alignment with SDGs. Water theft, pricing, and metering are unaddressed. 3. National Climate Change Policy 2021 (NCCP 2021): Lacks clear priorities, integration with water policy, and actionable plans. No financial mechanisms or effective local governance for climate resilience. 4. Cross Domain Impact: No accountability mechanism for provincial non-compliance, data manipulation, or over-withdrawal. Weak governance linkages between climate, water, and energy. Limited enforcement authority within IRSA. No framework for water-food-energy nexus.
This presentation critiques Pakistan's key policies—WAA 1991, NWP 2018, and NCCP 2021—for ignoring climate change, groundwater, efficiency, and inter-sectoral linkages like the water-food-energy nexus
The slide presents an analysis of Pakistan's key water and climate policies, focusing on their overall framework. It highlights shortcomings in the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991, National Water Policy of 2018, National Climate Change Policy of 2021, and the linkages to governance structures.
Shortcomings in WAA 1991, NWP 2018, NCCP 2021, and Governance Linkages
The presentation agenda outlines key water and climate policies in Pakistan, starting with critiques of the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord for its rigid formula that overlooks climate change, reduced flows, and groundwater challenges. It continues with assessments of the 2018 National Water Policy's unclear roles and infrastructure bias, the 2021 National Climate Change Policy's lack of priorities and actionable plans, cross-domain impacts highlighting weak governance, and concludes with a summary of gaps and reform recommendations.
Rigid formula ignores climate change, reduced flows, and groundwater issues.
Unclear roles, infrastructure focus, neglects efficiency and nexus strategies.
Lacks priorities, integration, actionable plans, and financial mechanisms.
No accountability, weak governance linkages, limited enforcement in water sectors.
Summary of policy gaps and recommendations for future reforms. Source: Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
The timeline slide "Evolution of Key Policies" outlines three major developments in water and climate policy. In 1991, the Water Apportionment Accord was enacted with a rigid sharing formula that overlooked climate change, reduced flows, groundwater depletion, and hill-torrent potential; in 2018, the National Water Policy was introduced but suffered from unclear federal-provincial roles, excessive focus on infrastructure, and neglect of water efficiency and the Water-Food-Energy Nexus; and in 2021, the National Climate Change Policy was launched without clear priorities, integration with water strategies, actionable plans, or financial mechanisms for resilience.
1991: Water Apportionment Accord Enacted Rigid water-sharing formula ignores climate change, reduced flows, and groundwater depletion; hill-torrent potential unaddressed. 2018: National Water Policy Introduced Unclear federal-provincial roles, overemphasis on infrastructure, neglects water efficiency and Water-Food-Energy Nexus. 2021: National Climate Change Policy Launched Lacks clear priorities, integration with water policy, actionable plans, and financial mechanisms for resilience.
Source: Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
The slide titled "Water Apportionment Accord 1991 (WAA 1991)" serves as a section header introducing key aspects of Pakistan's water management policies. It features a subtitle highlighting an overview of the rigid water-sharing formula established in the 1991 accord.
Overview of Rigid Water-Sharing Formula in Pakistan's Policies
Source: Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
The Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991 has significant shortcomings, primarily by ignoring the effects of climate change on reduced river flows and overlooking groundwater depletion in its water allocation framework. Additionally, it lacks provisions for regulating flood flows and fails to address the untapped potential of 8 million acre-feet from hill-torrents.
The slide introduces the National Water Policy 2018 (NWP 2018) as a section header in an analysis of Pakistan's water and climate policies. It specifically focuses on the policy's framework and key limitations.
Policy framework and limitations in Pakistan's water and climate policies analysis
The 2018 National Water Policy (NWP) faces issues like unclear roles between federal and provincial governments in water management, as well as an overemphasis on infrastructure that overlooks water efficiency measures. Additionally, it lacks strategies for integrating the Water-Food-Energy Nexus or aligning with Sustainable Development Goals, while ignoring critical problems such as water theft, pricing, and metering.
The slide serves as a section header titled "National Climate Change Policy 2021 (NCCP 2021)." It highlights a key limitation, noting that the policy lacks integration with water policy and actionable plans for building resilience.
Lacks integration with water policy and actionable plans for resilience
The NCCP 2021 slide highlights key deficiencies, including a lack of clear priorities for climate action initiatives and insufficient integration with national water policy. It also points out the absence of actionable plans, implementation timelines, dedicated financial mechanisms, and effective local governance for building resilience.
The slide titled "Cross-Domain Impacts" serves as a section header, introducing key topics in environmental policy. Its subtitle highlights governance and integration challenges arising in the intersection of water and climate policies.
Governance and Integration Challenges in Water and Climate Policies
Source: Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
Accountability gaps in water management stem from the absence of mechanisms to address provincial non-compliance, data manipulation, and over-withdrawal, with policies like WAA 1991 and NWP 2018 lacking enforcement, leading to unregulated groundwater depletion and unaddressed water theft without metering or pricing. Linkages gaps arise from weak integration between climate, water, and energy sectors, limited IRSA authority, and no comprehensive framework for the water-food-energy nexus, causing disjointed governance that fails to align with SDGs or incorporate climate resilience.
| Accountability Gaps | Linkages Gaps |
|---|---|
| No mechanisms exist for addressing provincial non-compliance, data manipulation, or over-withdrawal of water resources. Policies like WAA 1991 and NWP 2018 lack enforcement provisions, leading to unregulated groundwater depletion and unaddressed water theft without metering or pricing strategies. | Weak integration between climate, water, and energy sectors persists, with limited IRSA enforcement authority. No comprehensive framework for the water-food-energy nexus, and policies fail to align with SDGs or incorporate climate resilience, resulting in disjointed governance and missed cross-domain opportunities. |
Source: Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
The slide's key takeaways emphasize updating policies for climate resilience, governance, and Water-Food-Energy Nexus integration; strengthening IRSA to tackle groundwater depletion and flood management; and revising frameworks to align with SDGs. It closes with a call to action to advocate immediate policy revisions for a sustainable water future.
- Update policies for climate resilience, governance, and Water-Food-Energy Nexus integration.
Closing Message: Act Now for Sustainable Water Future.
Call to Action: Advocate immediate policy revisions for resilient water governance.
Source: Analysis of Water Apportionment Accord, Pakistan's Water & Climate Policies
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