Slide 1 of 12
Slide 1 - Emphysema in Pediatrics
Emphysema in Pediatrics
Presented by Gauri Narkar, Roll No: 92
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Photo by Etactics Inc on Unsplash
Emphysema in Pediatrics: Diagnosis and Management
Generated from prompt:
Create a clean, modern medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Emphysema in Pediatrics". 1. Title Slide: ONLY the title "Emphysema in Pediatrics" with Presented by Gauri Narkar, Roll No: 92 in small professional formatting. 2. Definition (Add a relevant medical illustration of alveolar enlargement) 3. Classification – Based on Etiology (Add relevant pediatric lung image) 4. Classification – Based on Pathology (Panacinar, Centrilobular, Paraseptal, Irregular) – include labeled structural diagram images 5. Etiology (Congenital, Acquired, Genetic – Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) – include relevant diagram/image 6. Pathophysiology – flow sequence diagram style with visual arrows 7. Clinical Features – include relevant pediatric respiratory distress image (non-graphic, educational) 8. Investigations – include chest X-ray and CT scan example images 9. Management – General & Medical – include inhaler/oxygen therapy visuals 10. Management – Surgical – include simple lobectomy illustration 11. Complications – include simple lung complication illustration Use a professional medical theme with subtle blue tones, clean layout, bullet formatting, and high-quality educational medical images from slide 2 onward.
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of emphysema in pediatric patients, a rare condition often linked to congenital anomalies or genetic factors like Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD). It covers definitions, classifications by etI
February 22, 202612 slides
Slide 2 of 12
Slide 2 - Definition
- Condition marked by abnormal enlargement of the alveoli
- Loss of pulmonary elasticity due to alveolar wall breakdown
- Reduced surface area for gas exchange
- In pediatrics: rare, associated with congenital causes or early-onset from genetic factors like AATD
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Photo by Europeana on Unsplash
Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema
Slide 3 of 12
Slide 3 - Classification Based on Etiology
- Congenital: e.g., Congenital Lobar Overinflation/Emphysema
- Acquired: e.g., post-infectious scarring, Swyer-James syndrome
- Genetic: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD) - mutation in SERPINA1 gene leading to low A1AT levels
Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Slide 4 of 12
Slide 4 - Classification Based on Pathology
🔬 Panacinar (Panlobular) Uniform enlargement of entire lobule; associated with AATD, seen in early onset/pediatrics
🔍 Centrilobular (Centriacinar) Centered on central part of lobule; most common, linked to smoking (rare in peds)
📍 Paraseptal (Distal Acinar) Adjacent to septa and pleura; often leads to bullae
⚠️ Irregular (Paracicatricial) Distortion due to fibrosis/scarring; associated with TB or scars
Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema
Slide 5 of 12
Slide 5 - Etiology
- Congenital: Developmental anomalies in bronchial cartilage
- Acquired: Infections, aspiration, airway obstruction
- Genetic: AATD - Autosomal co-dominant, SERPINA1 mutation
- AATD Risk Factors: Smoking (accelerates), environmental dust
- Prevalence: 1 in 2500 Europeans; 3% of COPD cases
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Photo by Europeana on Unsplash
Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Slide 6 of 12
Slide 6 - Pathophysiology
| Stage | Mechanism | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| 1. A1AT Deficiency | Mutation in SERPINA1 gene → low A1AT levels | Unprotected tissues from proteases |
| 2. Inflammation | Neutrophil activation releases elastase | Unopposed elastase activity (no inhibition) |
| 3. Tissue Damage | Elastase degrades elastin in alveolar walls | Loss of lung elasticity |
| 4. Emphysema | Alveolar enlargement and coalescence | Impaired gas exchange, airflow obstruction |
Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Emphysema
Slide 7 of 12
Slide 7 - Clinical Features
- Shortness of breath, wheezing
- Recurrent lung infections
- Respiratory distress in infants: tachypnea, grunting, retractions
- Failure to thrive, cyanosis in severe cases
- Early onset in AATD: 20-50 years, but pediatric liver issues too
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Photo by Gabe Pierce on Unsplash
Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Slide 8 of 12
Slide 8 - Investigations
Chest X-ray Hyperinflation Flattened diaphragm Increased retrosternal airspace Bullae or hyperlucent lobes (e.g., in congenital lobar emphysema)
CT Scan (HRCT) Detailed emphysema pattern Panacinar vs centrilobular distribution Bullae, mosaic attenuation Confirms extent and type
Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema
Slide 9 of 12
Slide 9 - Management: General & Medical
- Avoid smoking and environmental irritants
- Bronchodilators (e.g., beta-agonists)
- Inhaled corticosteroids
- Antibiotics for infections
- IV Alpha-1 Antitrypsin replacement therapy
- Vaccinations: influenza, pneumococcus
- Oxygen therapy as needed
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Photo by Gabe Pierce on Unsplash
Source: Wikipedia: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Slide 10 of 12
Slide 10 - Management: Surgical
- Indicated for congenital lobar emphysema causing compression
- Lobectomy or segmentectomy of affected lobe
- Bullectomy for large bullae
- Lung volume reduction surgery (rare in peds)
- Lung transplant in end-stage (severe AATD)
Slide 11 of 12
Slide 11 - Complications
- Pneumothorax or bullae rupture
- Recurrent infections
- Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
- Progression to COPD
- Liver cirrhosis (in AATD)
- Osteoporosis (from steroids)
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Photo by Aakash Dhage on Unsplash
Source: Wikipedia: Emphysema, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Slide 12 of 12
Slide 12 - Key Takeaways
Emphysema in pediatrics is rare but serious, often congenital or genetic (AATD). Early diagnosis via imaging and management (medical/surgical) crucial. Augmentation therapy and lifestyle avoidance key for AATD.
Thank you! Questions?
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Photo by Etactics Inc on Unsplash
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